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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Plate Settler Capture Velocity Team 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Ruonan Zhang, Xiaocan Sun, Yizhao Du
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
Through lab research we seek to understand the different influence of coagulant
 type, capture velocity, coagulant dose and raw water turbidity on the performan
ce of the plate settler in AguaClara plants.
 We are using a tube settler to simulate those plate settlers in the full-scale
 plants.
 Through various changes in operating conditions, we expect to determine
 the best parameters, and this is of great significance in real practice.
 After that, we are going to pick out some of the best conditions and repeat
 the experiments with natural organics in order to see how humic acids affect
 overall performance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Literature Review 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The design of plate settlers plays an essential role in the performance
 of both the sedimentation tank and the whole plant, with the goal of removing
 the colloidal particles.
 Optimal plate settler capture velocity as well as spacing will lead to
 lower required height and smaller total required area of sedimentation
 tanks, which reduces construction costs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous work was mainly focused on the floc roll-up failure mechanism
 and its effect on the required spacing of plate settlers.
 The traditional design told us that smaller spacing is always better
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand citet
key "RefWorks:1"

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, but this previous research demonstrated a failure mechanism of floc roll-up
 that sets the minimum spacing for the plates.
 In contrast, our research will generally look at how performance is affected
 by a number of different variables, including provision of hydraulic flocculati
on, raw water turbidity, coagulant dose, upflow velocity through the floc
 blanket, and bulk density and solids concentrations of the floc blanket.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Based on the research carried out by 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand citet
key "RefWorks:2"

\end_inset

on the evaluation of parameters affecting steady-state floc blanket performance,
 a bench-scale apparatus was used to simulate a water treatment process
 sequence of rapid mix, hydraulic flocculation, upflow clarification with
 a floc blanket, and lamellar sedimentation to accomplish removal of colloidal
 particles.
 The results show that overall particle removal efficiency improved with
 increasing hydraulic flocculator residence time and energy dissipation
 rate.
 Particle removal efficiency improved with increasing floc blanket depth
 for floc blanket depths between 15 and 75 cm.
 Lamellar sedimentation with a capture velocity of 0.12 mm/s is suggested
 in improving clarifier performance when utilizing a floc blanket in AguaClara
 facilities.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Another study on the implication of hydrodynamic drag force to free-settling
 tests numerically evaluates the hydrodynamic drag force exerted on an individua
l floc moving steadily over a wide range of Reynolds numbers.
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand citet
key "RefWorks:5"

\end_inset

 A computational fluid dynamics software was used to solve the fluid field
 within and around the moving floc, from which the corresponding hydrodynamic
 drag force exerted on the floc is subsequently obtained.
 In this way, hydrodynamic drag force could be roughly predicted in our
 plate settling tests.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Our research, which is supported by the previous relevant research, is promising
 to contribute to the improvement of the performance of the sedimentation
 tank as well as the whole plant.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Methods 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In general, we decide to vary coagulant type, capture velocity, coagulant
 dose and raw water turbidity to determine under which conditions the tube
 settler, which is the simulation of the full-scale AguaClara plate settler,
 shows the best performance of removing turbidity.
 This is of great significance in practice for the AguaClara plants.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Experimental Apparatus
\end_layout

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Fig 1.
 Experiment Apparatus
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\begin_layout Standard
For the whole procedure, tap water is filled into the raw water storage
 tank in which the water level is controlled by a pressure sensor and computer
 Process Controller software.
 Clay solution is added into the raw water to achieve a certain level of
 turbidity.
 A calculated amount of coagulant is pumped in and the mix passes through
 the coiled flocculator to form flocs
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
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key "RefWorks:3"

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.
 After that, water with flocs flows into the sedimentation tank where flocs
 move downward and clarified water stays in the top part.
 Then clarified water is pumped into the plate settler for removal of smaller
 flocs.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As the AguaClara plant uses plate settlers of roughly 60 cm long with 2.5
 cm space, we take 60 cm long tube settler with 2.5 cm diameter in our experiment
 inclined at a 60 degree angle.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Setup of Experimental Parameters 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align left
A) Coagulant Control: Since we use a pump to control the alum dose, we should
 calculate the alum flow rate first.
 For example, suppose the expected alum dose is 0.5 mg/L while the designed
 plant flow rate is 300 mL/min through our apparatus.
 Also, the coagulant we use is 
\begin_inset Formula $Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Formula $16H{}_{2}O$
\end_inset

.
 So the coagulant dose expected is found by Equation 1: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
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\begin_inset Formula $\frac{0.5mg/L\times300ml/min}{2MW_{Al}/MW_{Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}.16H{}_{2}O}}=1.75mg/min$
\end_inset

 (1) 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So we use 1 g/L as the concentration of 
\begin_inset Formula $Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Formula $16H{}_{2}O$
\end_inset

 in the stock tank of coagulant, and set the velocity of pump which controls
 the alum dose to be 1.75 mL/min.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
B) Raw Water Turbidity Control: In order to maintain the raw water turbidity
 to be 5 NTU, we use the Process Controller.
 Since 5 NTU is a comparatively low turbidity, we dilute the suspension
 of clay, and shorten the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

on time
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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 for the pinch valve while extend the time for the pinch valve to wait until
 the clay and raw water mix well and the turbidity of the raw water to be
 more stable.
 On the contrary, when we need to maintain the raw water turbidity to be
 500NTU, we add more clay in the clay storage tank and thus increase the
 concentration of the clay, in case of using up the clay before the experiment
 cycle ends.
 By observing the deviation of raw water turbidity from 500 NTU and how
 many times the pinch valve will open before turbidity reaching 500 NTU,
 we adjust the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

on time
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as 1.5s and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

off time
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as 5s for the pinch valve to increase the frequency of adding clay in the
 raw water storage tank.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
C)Tube Settler Pump Control: In order to get expected capture velocity,
 we use Equation 2 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand citet
key "RefWorks:4"

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to calculate the capture velocity: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{V_{Plate\uparrow}}{V_{c}}$
\end_inset

=
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{L}{S}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\cos\alpha\sin\alpha+\sin^{2}\alpha$
\end_inset

 (2)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Thus we can change the roation veloctiy of the pump to get different 
\begin_inset Formula $V{}_{Plate\uparrow}$
\end_inset

.
 Therefore, through changing the capture velocity value in the Process Controlle
r, we get the capture velocity we need.
 For example, when using the capture velocity of 0.05mm/s, and under the
 design that 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha=60degree,L=60cm,S=D=2.5cm$
\end_inset

, we find the plate upflow velocity component and the tube settler flow
 rate using Equation 3-4:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Plate\uparrow}=0.05mm/s*(\frac{60cm}{2.5cm}*\sin60\cos60+\sin^{2}60)=0.557mm/s$
\end_inset

 (3)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{tube}=\frac{\pi V_{Plate\uparrow}D^{2}}{4\sin60}=\frac{\pi*0.557mm/s*(2.5cm)^{2}}{4\sin60}=0.273ml/s=18.95ml/min$
\end_inset

 (4)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Experimental Procedure
\end_layout

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First we determined the time period for each single condition, as it takes
 some time for the device to run steadily after we make a change to the
 conditions.
 We must observe and collect the data to demonstrate how much time is needed
 for each condition.
 Therefore we are able to set the running time “t” for each condition before
 sampling and analyzing once steady state is reached.
 
\end_layout

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We then conduct the experiments by the time order shown in the following
 table.
 
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26
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 Time Order
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29
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33
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 Time Order
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37
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38
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39
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40
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 Time Order
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 Time Order
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57
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59
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 Time Order
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 Time Order
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 Time Order
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89
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 Time Order
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92
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97
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
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50
\end_layout

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50
\end_layout

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50
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50
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50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Coagulant Dose, mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

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2
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2
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2
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</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity, mm/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
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0.075
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0.1
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0.125
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0.15
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0.2
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0.3
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</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Parameters
\backslash
 Time Order
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
99
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
100
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
101
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
102
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
103
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
104
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
105
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

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50
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50
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50
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50
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\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Coagulant Dose, mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
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3
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3
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3
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3
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3
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3
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity, mm/s
\end_layout

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0.05
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0.075
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0.1
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0.125
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0.15
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0.2
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After this, we will change the coagulant from Alum to PACl, and re-do the
 whole set of procedures.
 Afterwards, we will select the best performance conditions and add some
 natural organics, which contains humid acids, and repeat the experiments
 to see how the humic acids affect tube settler performance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Results and Analysis 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Tube Flocculator Perfomance
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this experiment, we use coiled tube which takes in the flow of both raw
 water and coagulant and functions as a flocculator.
 Through this coagulation and flocculation process, we can see that flocs
 form and move with the flow of water into the sedimentation tank.
 In the sedimentation tank, flocs with larger particle size will settle,
 and the water in the upper of part of the tank becomes much clearer.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Selection of Tube Settler Diameter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the first week’s experiment, we used a tube settler with diameter of
 1/4 inch.
 However, the turbidity of water passing through the plate settler was higher
 than that of water coming out directly from the sedimentation tank.
 That means that the plate settler did not act as we have expected.
 On the contrary, it made the quality of water even worse.
 So we think that the problem may have been caused by floc rollup.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\emph on
Fig 2.
 The movement of flocs in the plate settler tube
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Untitled.png
	lyxscale 70
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In order to get the velocity of flocs in the tube settler, we use Equation
 5: 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
u\text{≈}(\frac{6V_{\uparrow Plate}}{Ssin\alpha})d_{floc}\qquad(5)
\]

\end_inset

In the equation, u refers to the velocity of flocs, while α represents the
 angle between plate settler and the horizontal.
 We use 60° in this experiment.
 
\begin_inset Formula $V_{\uparrow Plate}$
\end_inset

 means the velocity of upflow between the plates, 
\begin_inset Formula $d{}_{floc}$
\end_inset

 is the size of flocs, and S is the space between plate settlers, which
 is the diameter of plate settler tube in our experiment.
 Since the size of floc is comparatively constant, when the diameter of
 tube (which is defined as S in the equation) is small, the velocity of
 floc goes up.
 As a result, time for flocs to settle down decreases.
 Chances are that flocs will roll out of the plate setter directly, rather
 than settle down and slide back to the sedimentation tank.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To solve this problem, we use another tube with 2.5 cm diameter as plate
 settler, which is the same as the design value for AguaClara plants.
 And for the length of the plate setter tube, we chose 60 cm.
 Then we restarted the system again, and flocs were observed to slide along
 the plate settler tube smoothly.
 The turbidity of water going through the plate settler decreased, observed
 to be around 6 NTU.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Results with 5 NTU Influent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this week's experiment, we changed the capture velocity from 0.05 mm/s
 to 0.3 mm/s with constant alum dose of 0.5 mg/L and raw water turbidity of
 5 NTU.
 And also we re-calibrated every pump to make the pumps run accurately in
 response to the flow rate set by the Process Controller.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After setting all the parameters in the Process Controller, we set different
 modes for the same alum dose with different capture velocity.
 Each mode runs for 2 hours and a half.
 The Process Controller will collect data every 5 seconds.
 Also, through our observation, the system will go steady 30 minutes after
 we change the caputure velocity.
 So we choose 1000 data points 30 minutes after the new loading and 30 minutes
 before the loading ends, to be sure that the data which we collect reflect
 the stable steady-state condition of the system.
 The following picture shows the turbidity of raw water, water in sedimentation
 tank and treated water after going through the plate settler over time,
 with capture velocity of 0.05 mm/s, alum dose of 0.5 mg/L and raw water turbidity
 of 5 NTU.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig 3.
 Typical Data
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename typical data.png
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As we can see in Figure 3, raw water generally maintains a turbidity of
 5 NTU (the blue dots), which proves that our pinch valve control works
 well.
 Also, the water in the sedimentation tank has turbidity which is generally
 lower than the raw water.
 This proves that under most conditions, some clay in the water will be
 removed through forming flocs in the flocculator and settle down at the
 bottom of sedimentation tank.
 However, we can see that sometimes the turbidity goes even higher than
 raw water.
 Reasons may be that the properties of flocs in the sedimentation tank vary
 and some flocs go into the turbidity meter.
 Finally, we can see that water coming through the plate settler has apparently
 lower turbidity and has a trend of continuously going down, which means
 that our treatment system works.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Through analyzing every 1000 data points under each capture velocity situation,
 we can get the average raw water turbidity, average turbidity of water
 in the sedimentation tank, and average water turbidity after going through
 the plate settler.
 We use overall removal efficiency as the criterion to evaluate the performance
 of the system.
 It is obtained as shown in Equation 6: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $OverallRemovalEfficiency=\frac{RawWaterTurbidity-TurbidityafterTubeSettler}{RawWaterTurbidity}\times100\%$
\end_inset

 (6) 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now compare the performance of turbidity removal under different capture
 velocity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig 4.
 Remove Efficiency vs.
 Capture Velocity
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 5ntu summary.png
	lyxscale 80
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This figure shows that with raw water turbidity of about 5 NTU, after treatment
 through the apparatus, water with turbidity of about 2 NTU is obtained,
 which means about 60% removal efficiency.
 On one hand, there is a general downward trend in the overall removal efficienc
y with the increase in capture velocity for each alum dose.
 It might be explained by the definition that capture velocity is the slowest
 velocity of settling particle that the sedimentation tank can reliably
 capture.
 When the capture velocity is large, the flocs with small velocity can not
 be captured, so they will instead stay in the water.
 Also, the residence time for flocs is short due to the large capture velocity.
 As a result, flocs have limited time to settle down in the plate settler.
 However, the decrease in pC* is not that apparent when capture velocity
 is larger than 0.125 mm/s.
 This means that by increasing capture velocity within this range, we won't
 suffer much removal efficiency loss.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, it is illustrated that a higher alum dosage leads to
 a higher overall removal efficiency.
 The relationship can help us to understand the effect of coagulant dose
 on the performance of a sedimentation tank.
 To quantify the performance, please see the following graph which shows
 the relationship of pC - alum dose graph, where pC is defined as:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $pC=-log\frac{EffluentTurbidity}{RawWaterTurbidity}$
\end_inset

 (7) 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The pC (or log removal) parameter acts as an indicator of particle removal
 performance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig 5.
 Removal Efficiency vs.
 Alum Dose
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 5NTU AD.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig 6.
 Removal Efficiency vs.
 Alum Dose (summary)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 5NTU CP.png
	lyxscale 80
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The graph shows that the pC* has the trend of increaseing (which means removal
 efficiency tends to grow higher) with increasing alum dose under fixed
 capture velocity.
 This is because the more coagulant added, the more particles are coated
 and the more sticky the particles become.
 As a result, more clay particles are aggregated to form more and larger
 flocs.
 However, this is not a linear increase.
 The reason may be that the system is not stable enough.
 Also, we can see that under the same dose of coagulant, lower capture velocity
 helps to get better removal efficiency, for lower capture velocity allows
 longer residence time for flocs to form and grow and then settle down.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
However, dose of alum added may have diminishing effect in increasing removal
 efficiency.
 That is, as additional alum is added, performance increases at a decreasing
 rate.
 So we need to find the dose which is most economical.
 So we calculate the marginal effect of alum on the removal efficiency.
 For example, under capture velocity of 0.05 mm/s and raw water turbidity
 5 NTU, 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

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0.5
\end_layout

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1
\end_layout

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1.5
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2
\end_layout

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3
\end_layout

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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PC*
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.40
\end_layout

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0.43
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0.41
\end_layout

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0.53
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0.76
\end_layout

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\begin_inset Text

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Marginal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.07
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
 0.25
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.23
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal effect of increasing alum dose from 0.5 mg/L to 1 mg/L is calculated
 as 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{0.43-0.40}{1-0.5}=0.07$
\end_inset

.
 We can see that under this capture velocity, the largest marginal effect
 occurs when we increase the alum dose from 1.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L.
 This means that 1 mg/L alum dose is the most economical and effective.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So we can get the optimal alum dose under different capture velocity at
 raw water turbidity equals 5 NTU:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity(mm/s)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.075
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.125
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum Dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Results with 500 NTU Influent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here we increased the raw water turbidity to 500 NTU and re-did the cycle.
 Since 500 NTU is a high turbidity, the raw water turbidity tended to change
 violently.
 In order to control the raw water turbidity within a comparatively steady
 condition, we increased the concentration of clay and adjusted the on and
 off time of the pinch valve.
 Through our observation, the turbidity of raw water varied from about 488
 NTU to 510 NTU.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Also, since 500 NTU influent consumes lots of clay, to prevent running out
 of clay and thereby affecting the result of the experiment, we shortened
 the experiment time of each state from 2.5 hour to 2 hour.
 And in order to get the steady state data, we remove the data of the first
 hour and analyze the data collected during the second hour.
 So we get 720 data points in each state.
 The following picture shows typical data of 500 NTU under steady state:
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.7 500 NTU & 0.05 mm/s & 1.5 mg/L
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 500NTU typical data.png
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We can see a dramatic drop of turbidity from this picture.
 This proves that with raw water turbidity as high as 500 NTU, we can get
 a high removal efficiency, although the final effluent turbidity may not
 be low enough for the water to be potable.
 Also, under such a high raw water turbidity, we observe the appearance
 of a floc blanket.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
However, the series of data under 0.5 mg/L alum shows very high turbidity
 in the floc blanket effluent, though the final effluent turbidity after
 the tube settler is satisfactory.
 Reasons for the appearance of this phenomenon may be that due to the low
 capture velocity, the upflow velocity is also very low.
 The position where floc blanket forms is higher than the tube which sucks
 excess flocs and controls the height of the floc blanket.
 This might have something to do with the lower alum dose since 0.5mg/L alum
 dose is very low for 500 NTU influent.
 Thus, some sucked flocs enter the turbidity meter and cause the abnormal
 high result.
 Then when we changed the alum dose and switched into new state, the former
 floc blanket is broken and reformed in a lower position.
 As a result, not so many flocs are sucked into the turbidity meter.
 Thus data after that is quite normal.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Generally, the removal efficiency is above 90% after treatment, which is
 much higher than that of the 5 NTU experiments.
 This is because with higher raw water turbidity, more flocs exist in the
 water, and chances for them to collide with each other increase largely.
 Apart from that, there is enough turbidity to form a floc blanket under
 steady state.
 The combination function of filtration and flocculation of floc blanket
 contribute to the removal of turbidity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now compare the performance of turbidity removal under different capture
 velocity.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.8 PC* vs.
 Capture Velocity under 500 NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 500NTU CP.png
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We can see the similar trend as the 5 NTU.
 Slower capture velocity tends to have better removal efficiency, because
 lower capture velocity will capture smaller flocs and give more time for
 flocs to settle down.
 Again, we can see a comparatively flat slope of decrease in pC* when capture
 velocity is larger than 0.125 mm/s.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now compare the performance of turbidity removal under different alum dose.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.9 PC* vs.
 Alum Dose under 500 NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 500ntu7.png
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Higher alum dose contributes to higher removal efficiency.
 Again, we calculate the marginal effect of alum on the removal efficiency.
 For example, under capture velocity of 0.05 mm/s and raw water turbidity
 500 NTU, 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PC*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.42
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.79
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.52
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.79
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.90
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Marginal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.74
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0.55
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.54
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.11
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal effect of increasing alum dose from 0.5 mg/L to 1 mg/L is calculated
 as 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1.79-1,42}{1-0.5}=0.74$
\end_inset

.
 We can see that under this capture velocity, the largest marginal effect
 occurs when we increase the alum dose from 0.5 mg/L to 1 mg/L.
 This means that 1 mg/L alum dose is the most economical and effective.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So we can get the optimal alum dose under different capture velocity at
 raw water turbidity equals to 500 NTU:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity(mm/s)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.075
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.125
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum Dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Results with 50 NTU Influent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We now adjust the influent with turbidity of 50 NTU, which is closer to
 the actual conditions typically observed in AguaClara Plants.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this experiment, it shows two distinct types of data shown as in the
 following figures:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.
 10 50 NTU & 0.05 mm/s & 0.5 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 50ntu typical data 1.png
	lyxscale 80
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.
 11 50 NTU & 0.05 mm/s &3 mg/L
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 50ntu typical data 2.png
	scale 40

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

From the above pictures, we can see a significant difference in turbidity
 removal capacity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
However, the trend that with increasing capture velocity, removal efficieny
 decreases is simlar to the result under the condition of 5 NTU and 500
 NTU raw water turbidity.
 Also, the decrease is slight after the capture velocity reaching 0.125 mm/s.
 But the rate of decrease of pC* with higher capture velocity decreases
 when we increase the alum dose.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig.12 pC* vs.
 Capture Velocity under 50 NTU
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 50ntu fixed alum.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This picture shows that there is a big jump of pC* after between 1.0mg/L
 and 1.5mg/L alum.
 With the assumption that it might be caused by apparatus failure, we tested
 these groups for the second time, but got similar results.
 So we are considering that this jump of removal efficiency is due to the
 formation of floc blanket.
 Furthermore, we suppose that floc blanket will form only when enough alum
 is present with influent turbidity of 50 NTU.
 For the 5 NTU group, increasing alum does not help form big and enough
 flocs.
 Thus floc blanket can't be expected, either.
 On the contrary, in the 500 NTU group, sufficient clay particles provide
 considerably larger chance of floc formation.
 Once the system is runing steady, floc blanket is likely to form.
 But these assumptions are not verified.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
Fig 13.
 pC* vs.
 Alum Dose (50 NTU)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename pCAlum.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These seven graphs illustrate that the higher the alum dose, the better
 the performance.
 This relation help us understand the effect of coagulant dose on the performanc
e of a sedimentation tank, as well as the plate settlers.
 Please see the above graphs which show the relation of pC* and alum dose.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The interesting point is though a similar trend along increasing alum dose
 is maintained in different capture velocity groups, they all indicate a
 nice jump-up of pC* from 1mg/L to 1.5 mg/L alum, which is consistent with
 what is mentioned above.
 This single increase about 1 unit of pC* means a roughly nine times higher
 removal efficiency, which should be attractive to AguaClara engineers and
 operators.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Again, we calculate the marginal effect of alum on the removal efficiency.
 For example, under capture velocity of 0.05 mm/s and raw water turbidity
 50 NTU, 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.5
\end_layout

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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PC*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.47
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.63
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.44
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.66
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.79
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Marginal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.31
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.61
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.44
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.13
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal effect of increasing alum dose from 0.5 mg/L to 1 mg/L is calculated
 as 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{0.63-0.47}{1-0.5}=0.31$
\end_inset

.
 We can see that under this capture velocity, the largest marginal effect
 occurs when we increase the alum dose from 1 mg/L to 1.5 mg/L.
 This means that 1.5 mg/L alum dose is the most economical and effective.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So we can get the optimal alum dose under different capture velocity at
 raw water turbidity equal to 50 NTU:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity(mm/s)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.075
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.1
\end_layout

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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.125
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Alum Dose(mg/L)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

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\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Comparation with Data from Cuatro Comunidades
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Comparing our result to the actual operation conditon of Cuatro Comunidades,
 we find that when the influent turbidity is as low as 5 NTU with coagulant
 dose 10 mg/L, the effluent turbidity is around 2 NTU, which is a acceptable
 but not perfect removal efficiency the same as our result.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For the influent turbidity which is about 40-60 NTU, the effluent turbidity
 is around 4 NTU, which is a very good performance.
 And the removal efficiency dose not change much using coagulant dose 20
 mg/L or 15 mg/L.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For high influent turbidity, which is very unsteady, the measure adopted
 is to increase the alum dose immediately in order to get stable effluent.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To sum up, the result which we get from the lab is quite close to the actual
 conditons.
 So the current appatuas is a good simulation of the AguaClara Plant in
 the reality.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Conclusions 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1.
 The coiled tube flocculator works well.
 Flocs with enough size to sink in the sedimentation tank can form moving
 through the coiled tube.
 Plate settler tube with small diameter will cause of problem of flocs rolling
 up.
 Through setting a 60 cm long plate setter tube with diameter of 2.5 cm in
 an angle of 60°, we can solve the problem.
 After going through the whole system, particles in raw water with turbidity
 of 100 NTU can be removed effectively.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
2.
 The removal of turbidity in the water is acceptable but not very good when
 raw water turbidity is as low as 5 NTU.
 Chances for clay particles to collide and combine together are not very
 large.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
3.
 At a given dose of alum, the slower the capture velocity the higher removal
 efficiency can be achieved; while at a given capture velocity, the more
 alum added the better the performance.
 However, the dose of alum added may have diminishing effect on increasing
 removal efficiency.
 So we should find the dose with largest marginal effect.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
4.
 Within the range tested, the operating point with highest removal efficiency
 is at 5 NTU raw water, 3 mg/L alum and 0.05 mm/s capture velocity.
 But taking coagulant cost into consideration, 2 mg/L alum may be the optimal
 choice.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
5.
 Within the range tested, the operating point with highest removal efficiency
 is at 500 NTU raw water, 3 mg/L alum and 0.075 mm/s capture velocity.
 Also taking coagulant cost into consideration, 1 mg/L under capture velocity
 of 0.05 mm/s, or 2 mg/L under capture velocity of 0.075 mm/s may be optimal
 choice, although capture velocity depends on the design requirement of
 the plant.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
6.
 Within the range tested, the operating point with highest removal efficiency
 is at 50 NTU raw water, 3 mg/L alum and 0.075 mm/s capture velocity.
 Also taking coagulant cost into consideration, 1.5 mg/L under capture velocity
 of 0.075 mm/s may be optimal choice.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
7.
 We observed the formation of floc blanket with 500 NTU influent.
 And we suppose that the formation is due to steady state and high turbidity
 influent.
 And the reason for the jump of removal efficiency when increasing alum
 dose from 1 mg/L to 1.5 mg/L in the 50 NTU tests may be the formation of
 floc blanket, too.
 However, we did not observe this formation since it might took place when
 we were absent.
 But we suppose that, when the influent turbidity is 50 NTU, floc blanket
 may form under the situation that the system reaches steady state and the
 dose of alum is large enough.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
8.
 Comparing our result with the real data derived from Cuatro Comunidades,
 we can say that the current appatuas can reflect the actual conditions
 well.
 So we can offer some suggestions to the actual operation: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Firstly, since the size of sedimentation tank is closely related to capture
 velocity, if we increase capture velocity within this range, we will effectivel
y reduce the size of sedimentation tank and thus reduce the cost while suffering
 just a little decrease in removal efficiency.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Secondly, for influent around 50 NTU, we should try to maintain steady state
 and use alum dose of 1.5 mg/L, though right now we are not sure whether
 floc blanket is necessarily to form under this situation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Thirdly, 5 NTU and 500 NTU influent turbidity can be considered sudden occation
 in actual operation.
 For low turbidity influent, there is no need to worry about it much, since
 it won't upset the effluent turbidity though the removel efficiency of
 turbidity is not very high.
 For very high turbidity influent, though the removal efficiency is very
 high, the effluent may be bad in a short period of time.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Future work 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Limited by time, we do not do the research on the impact of different coagulant,
 such as PACl, on the performance of this treatment method.
 More work is expected to be done on the research of coagulation and economic
 effect of PACl and other coagulants.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
LatexCommand bibtex
bibfiles "RWWEB101170480-Reflist-api"
options "plainnat"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
