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\begin_layout Title
Plate Settler Capture Velocity Team
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\begin_layout Author
Ruonan Zhang, Xiaocan Sun, Yizhao Du
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\begin_layout Abstract
Through lab research we try to understand the different influence of coagulant
 type, capture velocity, cogualant dose and raw water turbidity on the performan
ce of the plate settler in AguaClara plants.
 We are using a tube settler to simulate those plate settlers in the full-scale
 plants.
 Through various running condition changes we expect to determine the best
 parameters, and this is of great significance of real practice.
 After that, we are going to pick out some of the best conditions and repeat
 the experiments with natural organics in order to see how humic acids affect
 overall performance.
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\begin_layout Abstract
\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak
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\begin_layout Section*
Literature Review 
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\begin_layout Standard
The design of plate settler plays an essential role in the performance of
 both the sedimentation tank and the whole plant with the goal of removing
 the colloidal particles.
 Optimal plate settler capture velocity as well as spacing will lead to
 lower height of sedimentation tanks, which reduces construction costs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous work was mainly focused on the floc roll-up failure mechanism
 and its effect on the plate settlers spacing.
 The traditional design told us that smaller spacing is always better.
 In the contrast, our research will generally look at how performance is
 affected by a number of different variables, including provision of hydraulic
 flocculation, raw water turbidity, coagulant dose, upflow velocity through
 the floc blanket, and bulk density and solids concentrations of the floc
 blanket.
 
\end_layout

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Based on the research carried out by Hurst and Weber-Shirk on the evaluation
 of parameters affecting steady-state floc blanket performance, a set of
 bench-scale apparatus was used to simulate a water treatment process sequence
 of rapid mix, hydraulic flocculation, upflow clarification with a floc
 blanket, and lamellar sedimentation to accomplish removal of colloidal
 particles.
 The results show that overall particle removal efficiency improved with
 increasing hydraulic flocculator residence time and energy dissipation
 rate.
 Particle removal efficiency improved with increasing floc blanket depth
 for floc blanket depths between 15 and 75 cm.
 Lamellar sedimentation with a capture velocity of 0.12 mm/s is suggested
 in improving clarifier performance when utilizing a floc blanket in AguaClara.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Another research on the implication of hydrodynamic drag force to free-settling
 tests numerically evaluates the hydrodynamic drag force exerted on an individua
l floc moving steadily over a wide range of Reynolds numbers.
 A computational fluid dynamics software was used to solve the fluid field
 within and around the moving floc, from which the corresponding hydrodynamic
 drag force exerted on the floc is subsequently obtained.
 In this way, hydrodynamic drag force could be roughly predicted in our
 plate settling tests.
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\begin_layout Standard
Our research, which is supported by the previous relevant research, is promising
 to contribute to the improvement of the performance of the sedimentation
 tank as well as the whole plant.
 
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\begin_layout Section*
Methods 
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\begin_layout Standard
In general, we decide to vary coagulant type, capture velocity, coagulant
 dose and raw water turbidity to see under which conditions the tube settler,
 which is the simulation of real AguaClara plate settler, shows the best
 performance of removing turbidity.
 This is of great significance in practice for the AguaClara plants.
 
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For the whole procedure, tap water is filled into the raw water storage
 tank in which the water level is controled by a pressure sensor and computer
 process controller software.
 And clay solution is added into raw water to achieve a certain level of
 turbidity, after being pumped in calculated amount of coagulant, they go
 together through the coiled flocculator to form flocs.
 After that, water with flocs flows into the sedimentation tank where flocs
 move downward and clarified water stays in the top part.
 Then clarified water is pumped into the plate settler in order for clearance
 of smaller flocs.
 
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\begin_layout Standard
As the AguaClara plant uses plate settlers of roughly 60 cm long with 2.5
 cm space, we take 60 cm long tube settler with 2.5 cm diameter in our experiment
 with 60 degree angle.
 
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\begin_layout Standard
First we should determine the time period for each single condition, as
 it takes some time for the device to run steadily after we make a change
 to the condition.
 We must observe and collect the data to demonstrate how much time is needed
 for each condition.
 Therefore we are able to set running time “t” for each condition before
 sampling and analyzing.
 
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We then conduct the experiments by the time order shown in the following
 table.
 
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(And that is what we've done this week)
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 Time Order
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22
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26
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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29
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31
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32
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33
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34
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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 Time Order
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50
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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500
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500
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500
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500
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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57
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58
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59
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60
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61
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62
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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500
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500
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500
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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64
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65
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66
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67
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68
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69
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70
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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71
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72
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73
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74
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75
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76
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77
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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Parameters
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 Time Order
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78
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79
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80
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81
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82
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83
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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Coagulant Dose, mg/L
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1
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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0.05
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0.3
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Parameters
\backslash
 Time Order
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85
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86
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87
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88
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89
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90
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91
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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Coagulant Dose, mg/L
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1.5
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1.5
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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0.05
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0.3
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Parameters
\backslash
 Time Order
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
92
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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98
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Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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50
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Coagulant Dose, mg/L
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2
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Capture Velocity, mm/s
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0.3
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Parameters
\backslash
 Time Order
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
99
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
100
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
101
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
102
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
103
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
104
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
105
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Raw Water Turbidity, NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Coagulant Dose, mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

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3
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
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3
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
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3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity, mm/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.075
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.125
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After this, change the coagulant from Alum to PACl, and re-do the whole
 set of procedures.
 Afterwards, picking the best performance conditions and add some natural
 organics, which contains humid acids, repeat the experiments to see how
 the humid acids affect the tube settler’s performance.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Analysis 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1.
 In this experiment, we use coiled tube which takes in the flow of both
 raw water and coagulant and functions as a flocculator.
 Through this coagulation and flocculation process, we can see that flocs
 form and move with the flow of water into the sedimentation tank.
 In the sedimentation tank, flocs with larger particle size will sink, and
 the water in the upper of part of the tank becomes much clearer.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
2.
 In the first week’s experiment, we used the plate settler with diameter
 of 1/4 inch.
 However, the turbidity of water passing hrough the plate settler was higher
 than that of water coming out directly from the sedimentation tank.
 That means that the plate settler did not act as we have expected.
 On the contrary, it made the quality of water even worse.
 So we think that the problem may be caused by floc rollup.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Untitled.png
	lyxscale 70

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "Fig 2. The movement of flocs in the plate settler tube"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In order to get the velocity of flocs, we use the following equation: 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
u\text{≈}(\frac{6V_{\uparrow Plate}}{Ssin\alpha})d_{floc}
\]

\end_inset

In the equation, u refers to the velocity of flocs, while α represents the
 angle between plate settler and horizontal line.
 We use 60° in this experiment.
 
\begin_inset Formula $V_{\uparrow Plate}$
\end_inset

 means the velocity of upstream.
 
\begin_inset Formula $d{}_{floc}$
\end_inset

 is the size of flocs.
 And S is the space between plate settlers, which is the diameter of plate
 settler tube in our experiment.
 Since the size of floc is comparatively constant, when the diameter of
 tube (which is defined as S in the equation) is small, the velocity of
 floc goes up.
 As a result, time for flocs to settle down decreases.
 Chances are that flocs will roll out of the plate setter directly, rather
 than settle down and slide back to the sedimentation tank.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To solve this problem, we use another tube with 2.5 cm diameter as plate
 settler, which is the same as the design of AguaClara.
 And for the length of the plate setter tube, we choose 60 cm.
 Then we restarted the system again, and flocs were observed to slide along
 the plate settler tube smoothly.
 The turbidity of water going through the plate settler decreased, shown
 as around 6 NTU.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
3.In the second week experiment, we change the capture velocity from 0.05mm/s
 to 0.3mm/s with constant alum dose of 0.5mg/L and raw water turbidity of
 5NTU.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A) Coagulant Control: Since we use pump to control the alum dose, we should
 calculate the alum flow rate at first.
 The expected alum does is 0.5mg/L while the designed plant flow r
\emph on
ate is 300mL/min through our apparatus.

\emph default
 Also, the coagulant we use is 
\begin_inset Formula $Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Formula $16H{}_{2}O$
\end_inset

.
 So the coagulant does expected is 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{0.5mg/L\times300ml/min}{2MW_{Al}/MW_{Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}.16H{}_{2}O}}=1.75mg/min$
\end_inset

.
 So we use 1g/L as the concentration of 
\begin_inset Formula $Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}$
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Formula $16H{}_{2}O$
\end_inset

 in the store tank of coagulant, and decide the velocity of pump which controls
 the alum does to be 1.75ml/L.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
B) Raw Water Turbidity Control: In order to maintain the raw water turbidity
 to be 5 NTU, we use the process controller.
 Since 5 NTU is a comparatively low turbidity, we dilute the suspension
 of clay, and shorten the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

on time
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for the pinch valve while extend the time for the pinch valve to wait until
 the clay and raw water mix well and the turbidity of the raw water to be
 more stable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
C)In order to get expected capture velocity, we use the folloing equation
 to calculate the capture velocity: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{V_{Plate\uparrow}}{V_{c}}$
\end_inset

=
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{L}{S}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\cos\alpha\sin\alpha+\sin^{2}\alpha$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Thus we can change the roation veloctiy of the pump to get differnet 
\begin_inset Formula $V{}_{Plate\uparrow}$
\end_inset

.
 And then through changing the capture velocity value in the process controller
 to get the capture velocity which we need.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After setting all the parameters in the process controller, we turn on the
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Loading Mode
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and run the system for about 3 hours.
 The process controller will collect data every 5 seconds.
 Also, through our observation, the system will go steady 30 minutes after
 we change the caputure velocity.
 So we choose 1000 data 30 minutes after the new loading, to be sure that
 the data which we collect reflect the stable condition of the system.
 The following picture shows the turbidity of raw water, water in sedimentation
 tank and treated water after going through the plate settler vs.
 time, with capture velocity of 0.05mm/s, alum does of 0.5mg/L and raw water
 turbidity of 5 NTU.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename DATA.png
	BoundingBox 500bp 0bp 500bp 542bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "Fig 3. Typical Data"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We can see in the Figure 3, raw water generally maintains a turbidity of
 5 NTU (the blue dots), which proves that our pinch valve control works
 well.
 And the water in the sedimentation tank has turbidity which genarally lower
 than the raw water.
 This proves that under most conditions, some clay in the water will be
 removed through forming flocs in the flocculator and settle down at the
 bottom of sedimentation tank.
 However, we can se tht sometimes the turbidity goes even higher than raw
 water.
 Reasons may be that the properties of flocs in the sedimentation tank vary
 and some flocs goes into the turbidity meter.
 Finally, we can see that water coming through the plate settler has apparently
 lower turbidity and has a trend of continuesly going down, which means
 that our treatment effects.
 Although sometimes the turbidity show a little high.
 We think that this is caused by the pump which may suck some flocs into
 the tube and turbidity meter, in spite of the fact that most flocs will
 fell down along the plate settler.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now we compare the performance of turbidity removement under different capture
 velocity.
 Through analyzing every 1000 series of data under each capture velocity
 situation, we can get the average raw water turbidity, average turbidity
 of water in the sedimentation tank, average water turbidity after going
 through the plate settler and remove efficient, which is displayed in the
 following table.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="5">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture Velocity(mm/s)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Raw Water Turbidity(NTU)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sedimentation Tank Turbidity(NTU)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Plate Settler Turbidity(NTU)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Remove Efficiency(%)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.221 
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.820
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.259
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
56.74 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.075
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.182
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
6.114
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.118
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
39.84
\end_layout

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<row>
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.10
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.188
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.063
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.795
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
46.12
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.125
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.282
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.090
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.210
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
39.22
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.289
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.153
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.264
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
38.29
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.235
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.178
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.241
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
38.09
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.252
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.213
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.871 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
45.33
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Then we draw graphes of turbidity vs.
 capture velocity & remove efficiency vs.
 capture velocity:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Turbidity.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "Fig 4. turbidity vs. capture velocity"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename efficiency.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "Fig 5. remove efficiency vs. capture velocity"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the picture we can see that with raw water turbidity of about 5 NTU,
 after threatment through the apparatus, we can get water with turbidity
 of about 3 NTU, which means about 40% removement efficiency.
 However, we can not see apparent relationship between removement efficiency
 and capture velocity.
 Except that when the capture velocity is as low as 0.05mm/s, the remove
 efficiency is highest.
 Chances are that under low capture velocity, the residence time for flocs
 is longer.
 So flocs have enough time to settle down, which leads to a better removement
 of turbidity.
 It's also very likely that clay in the water cannot form flocs so well
 due to such low raw water turbidity.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Conclusions 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1.The coiled tube functioned as flocculator works well.
 Flocs with enough size to sink in the sedimentation tank can form moving
 through the curled tube.
 Plate settler tube with small diameter will cause of problem of flocs rolling
 up.
 Through setting a 60cm long plate setter tube with diameter of 2.5cm in
 an angle of 60°, we can solve the problem.
 After going through the whole system, particles in raw water with turbidity
 of 100NTU can be removed effectively.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
2.The removement of turbidity in the water is not that effective since the
 raw water has a very low turbidity.
 Chances for clays to collide and combine together are not very large.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Future work 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
1.Based on the current experiment, there is not apparent relationship between
 capture velocity and remove efficiency.
 The relationship between the two still need to be proved in the future
 experiment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
2.Through our calculate, the actual flow rate of alum, plant and the plate
 settler is very different from the values both shown in the process controller
 and the screen of pumps.
 That means all the calculations and conclusions based on the values shown
 in the process controller would be wrong.
 In the future experiment, we will firstly adjust the pump control to make
 the actual values of flow rate agree with our input in the process controller.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
References 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
[1] Adachi, Y.
 and Tanaka, Y.
 (1997) Settling velocity of an aluminum-kaolinite floc.
 Water Res.
 31(3), 449-454.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
[2] Hurst, M.W., Weber-Shirk, M.; and Lion, LW.
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
[3] Liu, S.
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
[4] Monroe L.
 
\shape slanted
Sedimentation
\shape default
 Slideshow for CEE 4540 Course.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
[5] Wu, R.
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\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
