#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 413
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass article
\begin_preamble
\usepackage{footnote}
\makesavenoteenv{tabular}
\end_preamble
\use_default_options true
\maintain_unincluded_children false
\language english
\language_package default
\inputencoding auto
\fontencoding global
\font_roman default
\font_sans default
\font_typewriter default
\font_default_family default
\use_non_tex_fonts false
\font_sc false
\font_osf false
\font_sf_scale 100
\font_tt_scale 100

\graphics default
\default_output_format default
\output_sync 0
\bibtex_command default
\index_command default
\float_placement H
\paperfontsize default
\spacing single
\use_hyperref false
\papersize default
\use_geometry false
\use_amsmath 1
\use_esint 1
\use_mhchem 1
\use_mathdots 1
\cite_engine basic
\use_bibtopic false
\use_indices false
\paperorientation portrait
\suppress_date false
\use_refstyle 1
\index Index
\shortcut idx
\color #008000
\end_index
\secnumdepth 3
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation indent
\paragraph_indentation default
\quotes_language english
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 1
\paperpagestyle default
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict false
\end_header

\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Agua Clara Turbidimeter Team
\end_layout

\begin_layout Title
Final Report
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
Summer 2011
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Jennifer Gass, Maxwell Petersen, Heidi Rausch
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Cornell University
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Ithaca, NY 14853-3501
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Abstract
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The goals of this summer's Turbidity team were to:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Finish the testing that the previous team had been working on in order to
 design a cheap (under $20) Turbidimeter that can easily be transported
 to potential AguaClara facility locations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Find a relationship between depth and Turbidity that is within 50% accuracy
 for a specific disk design based on line thickness and spacing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fabricate and calibrate 10 turbidimeters that will be ready for shipment
 by July 28, 2011.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Thus far, the team has managed to improve the design of the original Turbidimete
r while lowering cost and increasing portability.
 All ten prototypes were built, calibrated, and sent to Honduras by the
 specified date.
 The only shortcoming was that due to size limitations the Turbidimeter
 could not measure below 15 NTU, however, this does allow for greater ease
 of use.
 The final Turbidimeter design is just over 60 cm in height and costs $4.02
 to make.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before Agua Clara builds a water treatment facility in Honduras it must
 be decided if the community in question has a water supply in need of a
 plant.
 Some communities may have water that is so dirty an Agua Clara plant would
 not be able to help them.
 Other communities may have water clean enough that no treatment is necessary.
 The low cost hand held Turbidimeters will be used to gauge the cleanliness
 of a community's water supply in order to justify building (or not building)
 a water treatment facility.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous team developed a disk design with the words 
\emph on
Agua Clara
\emph default
, but suggested that a design based on lines or grid patterns might work
 better.
 The team believed that there was a greater disparity between eyesights
 when reading words as opposed to looking for a grid pattern or counting
 lines.
 Therefore, it was decided to test multiple grid and line designs by varying
 thickness and spacing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Experimental Setup & Methods
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Building off of the previous team it was decided to use a pump (with a flow
 rate of 1.4 L/min) to continuously stir the water sample.
 A PVC pipe with holes drilled at the top and bottom was used to hold the
 water.
 Using tubing the bottom hole connects to an electronic turbidimeter, from
 there to a pump and finally to the top of the PVC.
 The electronic turbidimeter is connected to a computer in the lab room
 and using a Process Controller program the NTU at every second was recorded
 into an excel file.
 Please refer to Figures 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Experimental-Setup"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Close-up-of"

\end_inset

 to see how our setup looks in the lab.
 This program proved extremely useful in that it was possible to write notes
 directly into the excel file at any given point in time.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Turn on data log i.e.
 the process controller on the computer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Add initial amount of clay
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Run pump system for four minutes
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Based on flow rate of pump and volume of water present in system the residence
 time was found to be 127 seconds.
 Thus the added clay is allowed to cycle through the system twice for thorough
 mixing.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Unplug pump, make a mark in data log as to show when pump was first unplugged
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Take first depth reading 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Plug pump in
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Wait 60 seconds 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Unplug pump 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Take second depth reading 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Plug pump in
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Repeat steps 7-10 for third reading
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Wait 60 seconds
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Add the next amount of clay, make mark in data log as to show what the new
 total amount of clay in the system is
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Repeat steps 3-13 until you reach the final amount of clay/NTU desired
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Progression of Turbidimeter Design
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Originally the Turbidimeter consisted of a long (about 130cm) clear plastic
 stick, an LED light, an HDPE circular block, and two screws.
 Before testing it was decided that there should not be any screws going
 directly into the LED light; this puts the screws extremely close to the
 electrical components for the light along with serving to make the light
 less waterproof.
 Many ideas to remedy this problem were tested, the first being to duct
 tape the light to the HDPE and attaching the HDPE to the stick using one
 screw.
 This worked well enough for testing purposes, but was obviously not a permanent
 solution.
 The next attempt was to use a worm-drive clamp to attach the light to the
 HDPE (Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Worm-Drive-Clamp"

\end_inset

).
 The clamp appeared promising at first, however, it made the Turbidimeter
 too wide to fit into the PVC pipe used for testing.
 Another undertaking was to use adhesive, Epoxy 907, to permanently attach
 the LED light to the HDPE.
 Unfortunately, when working on manufacturing our final Turbidimeters the
 glue did not hold as well as originally anticipated.
 To remedy this problem a piece of metal was bent at a 90º angle, see Figure
 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Metal-Piece"

\end_inset

, and fitted between the stick and screws.
 The disc design and NTU scale were printed on adhesive transparency film
 and directly applied to the stick and HDPE.
 Please refer to Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:NTU-scale"

\end_inset

 to view an example of the NTU scale.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Parts/Cost
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The table below shows the specific cost of each part and the total cost
 of our Turbidimeter.
 The final cost turned out to be well under the given specification of $20
 per turbidimeter.
 Refer to the footnotes on how to acquire each piece.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Part
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Cost
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Epoxy 907 
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.miller-stephenson.com/epoxy_resins_009.htm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$ 0.04
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Metal piece
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
in shop
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$0.20
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
HDPE block
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.mcmaster.com/#8624k29/=dgj9vd
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$0.40
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Plastic stick
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.mcmaster.com/#8659k37/=dgjal5
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$1.52
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Screws
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
in shop
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$0.10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
LED light
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://www.100candles.com/item.htm/9510/White-Submersible-LED-Light
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$1.49
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Stickers (for scale and design)
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
http://ithaca.citysearch.com/profile/7811598/ithaca_ny/fedex_office.html /
 Ask for transparent sticky paper
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$0.27
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Total Cost:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
$4.02
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Results
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Settling Time
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because the handheld Turbidimeter cannot take measurements every second
 like the aforementioned Process Controller is was important to note how
 long an accurate measurement could be made after mixing occurred.
 Using the dip-and-check method, where the experimenter dips the Turbidimeter
 into the water sample and slowly raised it up until the design could be
 seen, for 4 different turbidities, between 80-400 NTU, depth measurements
 were taken at specific time intervals.
 As seen in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Settling-Time-Data"

\end_inset

 in the Appendix the percent error was found for each measurement assuming
 that the first measurement was 100% accurate.
 As can be seen in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:settling time graph"

\end_inset

 the rate at which the clay particles settle is approximately linear, however,
 comparing the R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 values one can see that this linear approximation breaks down for lower
 turbidities.
 It is important to note that the depth readings do not change drastically
 during the first three to four minutes after shaking.
 Thus someone using a handheld Turbidimeter has more than enough time to
 take an accurate measurement.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename settling times.png
	lyxscale 50
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Graph Comparing Settling Times
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:settling time graph"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Clay Particle Flow
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Based on Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Clay-Particle-Flow"

\end_inset

 it can be seen that when a dose of Kaolin Clay is added to the pump system
 the turbidity fluctuates for 120 - 180 seconds.
 Because it takes just over two minutes for the turbidity to level out it
 was decided that after adding a dose of clay four minutes of waiting would
 be enough for a level out to occur and an accurate measurement to be made.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename steady state.png
	lyxscale 50
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clay Particle Flow
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Clay-Particle-Flow"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
NTU vs.
 Clay Concentration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
During all experiments the Turbidity and amount of Kaolin clay added at
 any given time were recorded.
 Using the dose of clay added and that the pump system held 2.8 L of water
 the concentration of clay was found.
 As seen in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:NTU vs. Kaolin Clay Concentration"

\end_inset

 a formula for Turbidity as a function of clay concentration was found.
 The best fit line was approximated as linear and has a very good R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 value of 0.97934, however, as can be seen in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Scaled-Down-NTU"

\end_inset

 when focusing in on the first 100 mg/L the data no longer appears linear.
 Furthermore, the y-intercept for this data was found to be located at 12.784
 which implies that this equation is only useful to someone who is starting
 an experiment around 12-13 NTU.
 One problem that was noticed during experimentation is that adding a set
 amount of clay to the water sample is no gaurantee to get the expected
 turbidity value.
 If the clay is added in one large dose as opposed to many small doses spread
 out over a period of time the turbidity readings are likely to be lower
 than expected.
 This discrepancy could occur because when adding a large dose the clay
 particles are more likely to clump together and stick to the sides and
 tubing of the apparatus, therefore not making the water any more turbid.
 This inconsistancy could as be due to the fact that a larger dose may take
 more time to spread throughout the system and reach a steady state turbidity
 value.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename ntu vs. clay concentration.png
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
NTU vs.
 Kaolin Clay Concentration
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:NTU vs. Kaolin Clay Concentration"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename small version ntu vs. clay concentration.png
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Scaled Down NTU vs.
 Clay Concentration
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Scaled-Down-NTU"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Two Designs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
During experimentation, one idea that occurred to the team was to have two
 different designs.
 This way there would be one design that would be used solely for lower
 turbidities, less than 40-50 NTU, and another design for everything above
 that amount.
 Looking at the following graph it is clear to see why doing this would
 make sense.
 To the left of 50 NTU the data follows one line fairly closely, and to
 the right of 50 NTU the data follows a line with a very different slope.
 However, when making trying to decide what our final designs would be we
 realized that having simply one design that would cover almost all turbidities
 would be best.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename maybe 2 designs graph.png
	lyxscale 50
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Consideration of Two Designs
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Consideration-of-Two"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Designs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nine designs, Figures
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:First-12-Designs"

\end_inset

 & 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Second-12-Designs"

\end_inset

, of varying line thickness and spacing were tested using the aforementioned
 method throughout the summer.
 The average depth (in cm) for three people was measured for each design
 at turbidities ranging from 3 NTU to 35 NTU.
 Plotting the data in a log log format (Figures 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Log-Log-Plot1"

\end_inset

 & 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Log-Log-Plot2"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The number corresponding to each best fit line refers to the design with
 the same number in Figures 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:First-12-Designs"

\end_inset

 & 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Second-12-Designs"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

) allows for easy comparison between designs.
 The more linear the best fit line for a design is, the more closely the
 relationship between Depth and Turbidity follows a power function, ie.
 
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Depth[cm]=a*Turbidity[NTU]^{b}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is important to note that depth measurements could only be taken up to
 125 cm.
 This means that if a design could be seen at a depth of 160 cm at an NTU
 of 6, the data would show the depth to be 125 cm at 6 NTU.
 This leads to some error in the data, especially when comparing the R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 values.
 Future teams may want to take the precaution of throwing out any data that
 corresponds to a depth reading at the bottom of the PVC tube.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename log log plot #1.png
	width 10cm

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Log Log Plot for designs 8, 12, 16, 22
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Log-Log-Plot1"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename log log plot #2.png
	width 10cm

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Log Log Plot for designs 15, 18, 19, 24
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Log-Log-Plot2"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Final Design
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To chose a final design for the turbidimeter two value were used, and R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 value as well as 'Total Percent Error.' Taking data of depth to NTU and
 comparing it on a log log plot, the best fit line should be roughly linear
 if approximated as a power function.
 As described in the Design section the formula relating depth and turbidity
 obeys a power law, therefore an R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 value closer to 1 is a better approximation of a power law fit.
 The total percent error is a number devised to compare the disparity between
 people's eyesights for each design.
 Taking an average depth for each NTU reading and assuming that this average
 is 100% accurate allows for an individual's percent error between their
 own depth reading and the average depth reading to be calculated.
 Summing everyone's percent error for each reading and then dividing by
 the number of readings done in the experiment gives the Total Percent Error.
 Essentially the Total Percent Error is the average error for all experimenters.
 As seen in Table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Comparison-of-Designs"

\end_inset

 the R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 values as well as the Total Percent Error values are compared for nine
 designs.
 Although design #14 did not have the best total percent error it did have
 the best fit to a power function, therefore, it was chosen to be the final
 design.
 Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Log-Log-Plot"

\end_inset

 is a Log Log plot of Depth vs Turbidity for the final design.
 As can be seen a very good fit for the data was achieved.
 The power law function for this set of data was as follows; 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
Depth=1463.7*Turbidity^{-1.219}
\]

\end_inset

 Using this formula the scale for the final turbidimeter stick was developed
 by inputting desired Turbidities such as 15, 16, 50, 100, 400 NTU etc.
 and marking the given depth that many cm above the light on the stick.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Design #
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
R
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Value
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Total Percent Error
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.80453
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
22.05
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
12
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.72922
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9.86
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph on
14
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph on
0.99472
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph on
25.37
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
15
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.98812
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
40.27
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
16
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.98048
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
33.28
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
18
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.91026
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
26.17
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
19
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.87028
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
23.94
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
22
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.92722
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.06
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.95838
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
32.47
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Comparison of Designs 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Comparison-of-Designs"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename log log plot final design.png
	lyxscale 80
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Log Log Plot for design 14
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Log-Log-Plot"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Future Research
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There were many research topics that are related to the turbidimeter that
 our team did not get a chance to look into.
 It was decided to use the HDPE block that the previous team had used exactly
 as they had it.
 The size (thickness) of this block was never experimented on, it was simply
 taken as it had been provided by the previous team.
 The size of this block would almost certainly have an effect on how much
 light can be seen through the block.
 Varying the size of this block in future experiments could possibly help
 to give less disparity in results based on eyesight, though this is not
 certain.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The screws in the present turbidimeter were simply chosen based on availability
 from the shop, and worked great as they were needed.
 For future designs, stainless steel screws might be chosen as these would
 be less likely to rust in the long run.
 Any other materials that may be useful as screws or any other alternatives
 can also be looked into for future designs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the test done this summer many different sticker patterns were tested;
 however, there is no way to know if the design we found is actually the
 optimal design.
 More designs should be tested in the future to try and optimize the accuracy
 and minimize the difference between readings based on personal eyesights.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The use of humic acid was something that was originally suggested to the
 team to experiment within the challenges document.
 Humic acid would add color to the water without adding more particles,
 and therefore without raising the NTU level of the water.
 This is something that happens naturally often and can easily cause confusion
 over how “dirty” a sample of water.
 There is a clear difference between turbidity and color of a water sample
 and testing with humic acid would help to show this difference.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most of the tests done this semester used a turbidimeter with only 1 battery
 installed in the light, making the light dimmer.
 This way, lower turbidities could be measured with the 124cm height that
 was available.
 This choice was only based on the fact that it was too easy to see the
 pattern at the bottom, rather than based on actual experimental data.
 In the future, this issue could be explored in order to determine the optimal
 brightness for the light.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One suggestion for future research from the previous Turbidimeter team was
 to try using different colored LED lights.
 It is still unknown whether or not this would make a difference for viewing
 the Turbidimeter underwater.
 Using different colored lights would be helpful if it would cut down on
 the error that arises from differing eyesights when taking turbidity readings.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\start_of_appendix
\align center
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename furtherBackFrontViewofSetup.JPG
	lyxscale 5
	scale 20

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Close up of Pump Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Close-up-of"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename fullSystem.JPG
	lyxscale 10
	scale 35

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Experimental Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Experimental-Setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename worm drive clamp pic.jpg
	lyxscale 20
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Worm Drive Clamp
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Worm-Drive-Clamp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename metalpiece.jpg
	lyxscale 50
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Metal Piece
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Metal-Piece"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename finaldesignsmall.jpg
	lyxscale 50
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Final Turbidimeter
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Final-Turbidimeter"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="37" columns="4">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Concentration 
\begin_inset Formula $(mg/L)$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Time after shake (
\begin_inset Formula $s$
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Depth (
\begin_inset Formula $cm$
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
% Error
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
230
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
17
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
60
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
120
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
180
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
240
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
300
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
360
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.56%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
420
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.56%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
480
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.11%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
474
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
20
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
80
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.00%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
140
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.86%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
200
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.71%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
260
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.6
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
8.57%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
320
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.43%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
480
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.43%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
540
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.43%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
600
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.43%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
748
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
25
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
85
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
7.14%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
145
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
14.29%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
205
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
19.05%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
265
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
19.05%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
325
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
21.43%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
385
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
23.81%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
445
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
28.57%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
505
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5.4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
28.57%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1500
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
70
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.55%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
130
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.55%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
190
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
9.09%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
250
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.6
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
18.18%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
310
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
22.73%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
370
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
27.27%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
430
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
27.27%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
490
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2.9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
31.82%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settling Time Data
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Settling-Time-Data"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename SCALE.pdf
	lyxscale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
NTU scale
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:NTU-scale"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename circles1.bmp
	lyxscale 80
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
First 12 Designs
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:First-12-Designs"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename circles2.bmp
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Second 12 Designs
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Second-12-Designs"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
