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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Demonstration Plant Team 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Susan Chen, Owen Guldner, Diana Kelterborn
\end_layout

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\begin_layout Abstract
The Demonstration Plant (Demo Plant) is an important educational tool to
 explain and publicize AguaClara technologies.
 In the Spring of 2012, a new Demo Plant was constructed, tested, and documented
 which included the two lastest AguaClara technologies, a chemical doser
 and a stacked rapid sand filter (SRSF), as well as the older flocculator
 and sedimentation tank.
 However there were still problems with the overall plant layout, the chemical
 doser, and the SRSF, all of which were dealt with this summer.
 We completely revised the demo plant structure and system; the SRSF now
 can completely backwash all four layers, the chemical doser is labeled
 to include coagulant concentrations, and the overall plant is streamlined
 for transport and assembly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Project Objectives 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The goal of the Demo Plant team is to create a demo-scale version of the
 technologies used in full-scale AguaClara plants in several rural communities
 in Honduras.
 The Demo Plant is an important tool used to promote AguaClara in the Cornell
 community, at national conferences such as the EPA P3, and for community
 workshops in Honduras.
 The current Demo Plant effectively shows how water flows through the plant;
 however, there are flaws in the plant which, if corrected, would further
 aid the educational and outreach aspect of AguaClara.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Currently the doser works for a few flow rates and doses, but it would be
 best if it could cover all doses and flow rates like the large-scale doser.
 Next, the overall plant layout is cluttered and difficult to assemble;
 it needs to be streamlined and more aesthetically pleasing.
 Finally, the SRSF cannot backwash properly so further research is required
 to determine if this is possible on such a small scale.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Overview of Previous Demo Plant (Spring 2012):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Flow Control and Chemical Dosing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The purpose of the chemical doser is to control the amount of coagulant
 added to the influent water based on the plant flow rate.
 AguaClara has designed a chemical doser that uses a lever and float system.
 The flow rate is determined by the height difference between the height
 at which water enters the entrance tank and the water level in the raw
 water constant head tank.
 While the flow rate is set simply by changing where the entry point is
 for the raw water, the lever allows the alum dose rate to change automatically
 based on the height of the water in the entrance tank (determined from
 the float).
 This is depicted in figure 
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reference "fig:Dose/Flow Control Schematic"

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 below.
 In addition, in order to allow for the doser to cover a wider range of
 dosages, the drop tube can be moved along the lever arm using a slider.
 However, moving the drop tube changes the moments applied to the lever
 so counterweights are needed to balance it.
 
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\begin_inset Caption

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name "fig:Dose/Flow Control Schematic"

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Schematic of the coagulent dosing system in no flow and flow conditions
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Sedimentation Tank
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The purpose of the sedimentation tank is to remove large particles from
 the water.
 The Demo Plant achieves this by using a floc blanket and tube settlers,
 which are corollaries of the large-scale sedimentation tanks with plate
 settlers used in the real AguaClara plants.
 Although a full floc blanket has yet to be achieved in a full-scale AguaClara
 plant, floc blanket theory is the driving factor behind sedimentation tank
 design, and thus the illustration of a floc blanket and its functionality
 in the Demo Plant is a useful way to educate the public about AguaClara
 technologies.
 At the scale of the Demo Plant, tube settlers are more practical and fully
 analagous to the full-scale plate settlers from the point of view of solids
 in the water.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The purpose of the floc blanket is to grow flocs, making them easier to
 capture.
 The tube settler acts to capture flocs grown in the floc blanket, cleaning
 the effluent water and feeding flocs back into the floc blanket.
 The floc blanket works by preventing flocs from setttling out: water enters
 at the bottom of a vertical column, and flows upward, acting to counter
 the gravitational force on the flocs and fluidize them.
 The balance of the upward flow rate with the downward gravitational pull
 on the flocs means that flocs must circulate throughout the column, rather
 than simply passing through.
 This forced circulation causes increased particle collision, meaning that
 the flocs grow.
 Flocs that grow to the point where the gravitational force is strong enough
 to cause them to settle out are resuspended by the influent jet.
 The floc blanket thus consolidates particles in the water into large, capturabl
e flocs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The majority of those flocs are drained out by a floc weir at the top of
 the floc blanket column.
 The resultant, cleaner water, then travels through the tube settler, an
 angled pipe of the same diameter as the floc blanket column.
 The angle of the tube settler's walls causes flocs traveling in the water
 to settle out on the sides of the tube.
 Gravity then rolls them back down into the floc blanket, where they will
 grow and be drained out.
 The combination of the floc blanket and tube settler effectively removes
 a large portion of particles from the water before it is processed by the
 stacked rapid sand filter.
 The current sedimentation tank is shown in figure 
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reference "fig:Sedimentation Tank"

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.
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Sedimentation Tank
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\begin_layout Subsection*
Stacked Rapid Sand Filter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The purpose of the SRSF is to remove small particles that did not settle
 out in the sedimentation tank.
 The advantage of a stacked rapid sand filter over a traditional rapid sand
 filter is that the backwash process is more efficient.
 Since backwash of the layers occurs in series, the SRSF uses significantly
 less water to clean the filter.
 During filtration, water flows into the inlet tubes, out slotted pipes
 and through the sand layers.
 The purpose of the slotted pipes is to allow water to flow out but prevent
 sand from clogging the pipes.
 Therefore, the slots have to be smaller than a grain of sand for this to
 work.
 As water flows through the sand layers, any remaining particles stick to
 the sand effectively filtering the water.
 The water then flows back into a slotted pipe and out through outlet tubes.
 After a while, the filter performance decreases due to particle buildup
 in the sand.
 At this point, it is necessary to backwash the filter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
During backwash, water only flows through the bottom inlet tube, creating
 a backwash velocity equal to the filtration velocity times the number of
 layers with the same flow rate used for filtration.
 This high water velocity fluidizes the sand bed, washing flocs out of the
 sand and through the backwash outlet.
 Last semester's SRSF is shown in figure 
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reference "fig:Assembled SRSF"

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.
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Assembled SRSF
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Demo Plant: Full Configuration 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A frame from Spring 2012 was constructed out of modular pieces of aluminum
 from the company 80/20 to house the new processes, replacing the old system
 of a table and PVC piping.
 Although better than the old frame, it appears very cluttered and leans
 over.
 A user manual which fully describes this frame can be found online.
 The fully assembled Demo Plant is shown below in figure 
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reference "fig:Overall-Demo-Plant"

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Overall Old Demo Plant
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\begin_layout Subsection*
Literature Review
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\begin_layout Paragraph
Agua Clara.
 (May 2009).
 
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Plate Settler Sourcing.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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 Retrieved from https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Plate+Settler+Sou
rcing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This article summarizes relevant sedimentation tank designs and constraints
 that are applicable in current filtration plants.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Hurst, Matthew.
 (April 2010).
 
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Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Steady-State Floc Blanket Performance.
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Retrieved from http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/14755.
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This paper describes variables affecting floc blanket performance, based
 on a laboratory water treatment simulation.
 It discusses the effects of varying hydraulic flocculation conditions,
 raw water turbidity, coagulant doses, upflow velocity through the floc
 blanket, floc blanket height, and the bulk density and solids concentration
 of the floc blanket.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Manrique, J.
 C.
 (October 2010).
 
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Preliminary Design for NY, USA.
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 Retrieved from https://confluence.cornell.edu/
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 download/attachments/127828383/
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Design+Specifications.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1288019650000.
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\begin_layout Standard
This article explains how the Chemical Dose Controller operates.
 Primarily, the water is treated by adding alum as the coagulant.
 The CDC was devised to make an accurate dosage of alum independent of the
 change in the plant flow rate.
 The CDC apparatus is capable of three dosage levels, which corresponds
 to changing the orifice sizes.
 The operator is at the liberty to pick an orifice size from a set of three
 based on the turbidity of raw water.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This article also explains how the sedimentation tank works.
 The sedimentation tank is used to provide a suitable adequate environment
 for the flocs to settle.
 It is necessary to design the inlet channel orifices so that they do not
 break the flocs or allow them to settle.
 We should ensure that the water is distributed uniformly and create a jet
 that resuspends settled flocs.
 The sludge zone on the bottom of the sedimentation tank has walls at an
 incline.
 This sort of inclination is given to increase the upflow velocity at the
 inlet manifold so that the suspended flocs can be made to form as a blanket
 of flocs.
 Additionally, the sludge drain is provided so that the tank can be flushed
 and cleaned for any maintenance activity.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Buerman, L.
 and Weber-Shirk, M (December 2008).
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
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Linear Flow Orifice Meter for Application in AguaClara Drinking Water Treatment
 Plants.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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 Retrieved from 
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https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/LFOM+Scientific+Paper
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\begin_layout Standard
This article goes into detail about the LFOM.
 It is mainly placed at the entrance of the pilot scale drinking water plant.
 It is based on the concept of Sutro Weir.
 Evaluation was done on the LFOM to get accuracies over a range of flow
 rates from 20 to 140 L/min.
 The flow rate is directly proportional to the water height.
 The addition of LFOM was a momentous accomplishment in improving the productivi
ty of the equipment and the ease of producing clean water without the need
 for electricity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Adelman, Michael J., Monroe L.
 Weber-Shirk, Anderson N.
 Cordero, Sara L.
 Coffey, William J.
 Maher, Dylan Guelig, Jeffrey C.
 Will, Sarah C.
 Stodter, Matthew W.
 Hurst, and Leonard W.
 Lion.
 "Stacked Filters: A Novel Approach to Rapid Sand Filtration." Journal of
 Environmental Engineering (2012).
 American Society of Civil Engineers, 27 Feb.
 2012.
 Web.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This article explains how a stacked rapid sand filter works.
 It explains the basic geometry of the filter including how the inlet and
 outlet pipes create layers through which the water flows.
 Included are basic equations that can be used to calculate filter and backwash
 velocities, given the filter area, the number of layers, and the plant
 flow.
 Furthermore, the article describes how stacked filters can perform backwash
 using the same flow rate as filtration, as opposed to traditional filters
 that require different flow rates for the two operations.
 It also details successful laboratory experiments and field experiments
 which demonstrated that stacked rapid sand filtration is a viable water
 treatment method.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph*
Mays, Larry W.
 "Headlosses, System Components." Water Resources Engineering.
 2005 ed.
 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
 Print.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This textbook contains various minor loss coefficients for different valves
 and connectors used in the demo plant.
 In particular, values from Table 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 were helpful.
 We interpolated coefficients from these tables that were then used for
 head loss calculations throughout the plant.
 This source also contains formulas for contraction and expansion headlosses
 that were used to calculate head losses for different fittings.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Methods and Design: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Flow Control and Chemical Dosing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The current doser float doesn't float at all dosages; this is because float
 isn't heavy enough to counteract the weight of the slider and drop tube
 on the other side (and isn't big enough to support a possible counterweight
 for these objects either).
 Furthermore, the water line of the float is not constant.
 Like any float, its bouyancy is dependent on how much of it is under water.
 This is usually not a problem, however, the small scale of the demo plant
 means that any shift in weight of the doser causes the water line of the
 float to vary greatly.
 This in turn affects the dosage rate beyond what the user is setting it
 at, resulting in either more or less coagulant than desired.
 We decided a maximum acceptable error (change in the water line of the
 float) is one centimeter; this means that as you move the drop tube slider
 from one end of the lever arm to the other, the water line will only move
 this distance.
 Overall, the float must be both heavy enough to counteract the weight of
 the drop tube and corresponding slider and large enough to not cause error
 during dosage changes.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Figure 
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reference "fig:Doser-Weights"

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 shows the current lever arm and the mass of each component.
 Using these weights and a moment balance, the size of a float that would
 satisfy the criteria described above was calculated.
 Assuming a cylindrical float, the float needs to be at least 6.7 cm in diameter
 (about 2.6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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).
 We have purchased a plastic float of this size and are now working to find
 a larger entrance tank that can accommodate it.
 
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Doser Weights
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\begin_layout Standard
We decided that the float should have half an inch of clearance on each
 side when in the entrance tank, and thus a residence time of 1.4 minutes
 was solved for.
 This is the shortest possible residence time.
 If the residence time gets to be too big, clay will settle out of the water
 and collect in the entrance tank.
 Given that we calculated the very minimum residence time, clay will probably
 settle out.
 We considered a tank with a slanted or curved bottom to prevent clay from
 settling; however, this is much more difficult to find and would need to
 be custom built.
 We fabricated an entrance tank using acrylic tube to match the rest of
 the tanks on the plant.
 The current entrance tank is 4
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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 in diameter and 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in height.
 The float fits well in the entrance tank and it is heavy enough to counteract
 the weight of the drop tube slider so we decided to use a small chain instead
 of a wire to attach the float to the doser.
 After building the whole plant, we experimented with the flow rates.
 We adjusted the heights of our tanks to find an optimal plant flow rate
 of 70 mL/min, with an adjustable coagulant flow from 3 to 4.5 mL/min.
 After, we consulted with Karen Swetland and she recommended that a 200
 NTU solution would be most appropriate for our set up.
 To obtain 200 NTU, we need about 400mg/L of clay.
 We then experimented with the coagulant dose (PACl) and found that the
 ratio of clay to PACl should be 20:1 in the entrance tank.
 Thus, the concentration of PACl in the stock tank, taking flow rates into
 consideration, should be 600mg/L.
 In order to make mixing coagulant stock easier and possible without a scale,
 we ordered .25 mL spoons.
 Rougly six leveled spoonfuls of clay in a liter of water yeilds 200 NTU
 and 7 spoonfuls of PACl in a liter of water yeilds the corresponding coagulant
 concentration.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Overall Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The current Demo Plant layout is rather cluttered, unstable, and difficult
 to move around both assembled and disassembled.
 Our new design must rest on a table, not be taller than six feet, assembled
 and disassembled easily, show the processes left to right, and look professiona
l.
 Using SolidWorks, we designed several possible layouts that attempt to
 satisfy the above constraints, but each design has its own advantages and
 disadvantages.
 The designs are shown in figures 
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reference "fig:Design 1"

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reference "fig:Design-2"

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, and the pros and cons are in table
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reference "tab:Pros-and-cons"

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.
 The yellow triangle on the table is for reference; it is exactly one foot
 in length.
 We've included the new, larger chemical dose system in these designs but
 the other components (the flocculator, sedimentation tank, and SRSF) will
 remain the same for now.
 
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Design 1
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Design 2
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Design 3
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Design 4
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\begin_inset Tabular
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Pros and Cons
\end_layout

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Design 1
\end_layout

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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Folds easily, very sturdy, all one piece, a lot of 80/20, bulky, widest
 of 4 designs, fairly tall.
\end_layout

\end_inset
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</row>
<row>
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Design 2
\end_layout

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</cell>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Less 80/20, less complex, easier to replicate, clean and contained look,
 folds and snaps together, two pieces, shorter than Design 1.
\end_layout

\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Design 3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Minimizes space from Design 2, similar to Design 2 (see comments on Design
 2), may be difficult to adjust heights of containers, shortest of the designs.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Design 4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
All one piece, sacrifices the sturdiness and folding ability of Design 1
 for a slightly cleaner look, doesn'
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
t fold, must snap together, wide, requires many very long and very short
 pieces, not ideal for packing
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Pros and cons for each design
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Pros-and-cons"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After discussing our options with Monroe, we decided the best approach would
 be to start constructing a design and then improve it.
 So we started with a combination of Designs 2 and 3, shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Fabrication Process"

\end_inset

.
 From there we wanted to add paneling, spread out the plant, and contain
 everything in one outer border to give the plant a cleaner look, so we
 came up with our final design, figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Final-Design"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Design23.jpg
	scale 25

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fabrication Process
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Fabrication Process"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Design5.JPG
	scale 40

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Final Design
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Final-Design"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We have ordered acrylic to fabricate our own stock and constant head tanks.
 We chose to make our own acrylic tanks because we need to satisfy the following
 constraints: straight sides, wide mouth, clear with no markings, and matching
 each other.
 We have looked at many options online and have tested tupperware and take-out
 containers.
 We decided the acrylic would look the most professional and hold up the
 best.
 We constructed the acrylic tanks using a circular acrylic sheet as the
 bottom of each tank.
 While the acrylic discs look good because it is flat and flush against
 the side of the tanks, it does not solve the problem of clay or coagulant
 settling on the bottom of the tanks.
 It was hard to stir the old tanks because of small openings.
 While it is easier to stir the new tanks, we thought that having spoons
 or traditional stirrers would look out of place so we decided to look for
 another solution.
 We tried using two magnetic stir bars, one in the tank and one on the bottom
 of the tank.
 This method yielded desirable results in terms of aesthetic appeal and
 efficiency in stirring the solutions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
if you are going to have a backdrop section later, maybe you don't need
 to talk about backdrop here, or maybe combine the backdrop and labels section
 with this overall layout section 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Sedimentation Tank
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous sedimentation (sed) tank was very large due to unnecessary
 fittings.
 We changed the fittings to be much simpler and switched the tubing from
 schedule 80 to schedule 40 which makes the tubes easier to see into.
 Furthermore, we shortened the bottom section of the sed tank because there
 was no reason for it to be so long.
 By having it shorter more of it can be seen without having to crouch down.
 The two tanks are shown side by side (old design on the left and new design
 on the right) in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Old and New Sed Tanks"

\end_inset

.
 As we changed the overall layout, we found it difficult to place the freefall
 column between the sed tank and the SRSF.
 We replaced it with a T connector at the top of the sed tank followed by
 1/2'' tubing to the SRSF.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename old_new_sed_tanks.JPG
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Old and New Sedimentation Tanks 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Old and New Sed Tanks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Stacked Rapid Sand Filter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous filter was not able to backwash the bottom two layers and when
 the top two layers were backwashed water gaps formed and pushed the sand
 up and out the backwash valve.
 We believe the water gaps are caused by sand sticking together to essentially
 block the entire cross-sectional area of the filter and then rising up
 with the water.
 To fix this problem we tried two different methods.
 The first was to tilt the filter column and use gravity to break up the
 sand, and the second was to use different size sand grains both bigger
 and smaller than the ones currently in the filter (1/2 mm).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We experimented with sand size; all experiments were done with clean water
 and sand.
 We tried using coarser sand first.
 There were a lot of water gaps when the filter was vertical, but when it
 was tilted we were able to get fluidization through almost the entire column.
 There were, however, a few spots where the sand wasn't moving.
 When we tried the finer sand we were very successful.
 There was a lot of fluidization when the column was vertical, though still
 a few water gaps.
 But as soon as the column was tilted the water gaps disappeared and the
 entire column was fluidized.
 The sand would travel up the top side of the column and down the back side.
 The only issue was that the sand expanded enough to get washed out the
 backwash valve.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We concluded that the finer sand would be the best choice for the demo plant
 SRSF, but the column, currently 55 cm, would need to be replaced with a
 longer one.
 To determine how tall to make the new filter, we experimented with backwashing
 fewer layers of sand at two different head levels.
 We then plotted our data and using different regressions, the graphs showed
 that we should not need a column taller than 70 cm for vertical backwashing
 or 65 cm for angled backwashing.
 This data is shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:SRSF-Data"

\end_inset

.
 We built a column 75 cm in length to allow for errors in our data.
 We also decided to use the valve on the top of the column for our backwash
 outlet instead of having an extra threaded hole and fitting just for backwash.
 This provides extra height for the sand to expand and simplifies the filter
 by eliminating unnecessary parts.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename SRSF Data.JPG
	scale 30

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
SRSF Data
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:SRSF-Data"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The new filter is shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:New-SRSF"

\end_inset

.
 It works very well; to start fluidization during backwash the filter should
 be held at an angle but once underway it can be put back.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename New Filter.jpg
	scale 25
	rotateAngle 90

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
New SRSF when sand is fluidized
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:New-SRSF"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Backdrop and Labels
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After consulting with Monroe and Harrison, we thought having panels behind
 the demo plant will keep the focus on the plant instead of what's behind
 it.
 We purchased and installed white corrugated plastic panels in the slots
 provided by the 80/20 frame.
 The panels look clean and professional but were complicated to cut to size
 and install.
 It is not ideal to have to install and uninstall the panels often.
 The panels will function better as a permanent solution because of their
 sturdiness and tight fit.
 Due the difficulty of cutting the panels and installing them around the
 stock tank supports and certain corners of the frame, we looked into several
 other options for a backdrop.
 We tested out shower curtains.
 While they are easy to fold and transport and provide a clean solid backdrop,
 they are flimsy and might rip easily with use.
 We wanted material that is waterproof and foldable but would not fray from
 use or cutting to length.
 We looked into tarps, fabrics, and tablecloths and evaluated each material
 using our constraints.
 Our final backdrop consists of a 35
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

H x 37.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

L sheet of vinyl with 1/4
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 grommets along the edges for attachment.
 This provides a simple and effective wall which helps observers focus on
 the plant rather than the noise behind it.
 Furthermore it is both waterproof and easily foldable.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Labels were also added to each section of the plant (for a total of ten
 labels) as well as a title sign and a ruler on the chemical doser displaying
 the coagulant concentrations in the entrance tank.
 All labels are laminated to protect them from water, printed on cardstock
 to be more sturdy, and attached to the plant with velcro to allow for easy
 installment.
 Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:The-New-Demo-Plant"

\end_inset

shows the final plant.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Final Plant Picture.JPG
	lyxscale 20
	scale 20

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The New Demo Plant
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:The-New-Demo-Plant"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Additional Documentation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
User Manual
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The user manual describes both initial construction, easy assembly and dissasemb
ly (in relation to transportation), and troubleshooting.
 Although the assembly and dissasembly instructions are what usually would
 be used, the construction section is included just in case a part falls
 off that is not supposed to - especially important are the heights of each
 tank.
 Although it is not necessary to dissasemble them completely for transport,
 if they somehow shift in position the plant will not function properly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Cost Sheet
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The cost sheet outlines every part used in the demo plant and gives its
 supplier, price, cost per package, and actual cost.
 In summary, a new plant costs about $640, though only $512 is used to fabricate
 a single plant.
 This is due to the fact that some materials can only be ordered in larger
 quantities than we need; the remainder of the investment is put towards
 the next plant.
 In the future if multiple plants are being built they will be at the lower
 cost.
 The cost is broken down by section in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Cost-Sheet"

\end_inset

 below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Total Cost
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Actual Cost
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Frame Parts
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$254.13
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$228.62
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Plant Parts
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$254.66
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$156.99
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tubing and Fittings
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$94.08
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$93.01
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Other
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$34.01
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$34.01
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
TOTAL
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$636.88
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
$512.62
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cost Sheet
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Cost-Sheet"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
